Okcidenta sturnelo
Okcidenta sturnelo | ||||||||||||||
Biologia klasado | ||||||||||||||
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Dunomo | ||||||||||||||
Sturnella neglecta (Audubon, 1844) | ||||||||||||||
Konserva statuso | ||||||||||||||
Konserva statuso: Malplej zorgiga | ||||||||||||||
Aliaj Vikimediaj projektoj | ||||||||||||||
La Okcidenta sturnelo (Sturnella neglecta) estas paserina birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de Sturneloj, kiu enhavas speciojn kies maskloj havas nigran aŭ brunan dorson kaj tre etendajn ruĝajn (5 specioj) aŭ flavajn subajn partojn en la kazo de la Orienta sturnelo, la Okcidenta sturnelo kaj la Liliana sturnelo.
La Okcidenta sturnelo estas ĉirkaŭ 21.6 cm longa. Ili nestumas surgrunde en malferma kamparo en okcidenta kaj centra Nordameriko. Ili manĝas ĉefe insektojn, sed ankaŭ semojn kaj berojn. Ĝi havas distingajn alvokojn priskribatajn kiel akveca aŭ fluteca, kio distingas ĝin el la proksime rilata Orienta sturnelo.
Plenkreskuloj havas flavajn subajn partojn, kun nigra marko kun formo de "V" en brusto, kaj blankaj flankoj kun nigra strieco. La supraj partoj estas ĉefe brunecaj kun nigra strieco. Ili havas longan pintakran bekon; la kapo estas strieca je helbruna kaj nigra montrante malhelan traokulan strion kaj blankan superokulan strion, kiel aliaj samgenranoj kiaj la Blankabrova sturnelo al la Longavosta sturnelo kun kiu ne konfuzeblas ĉar ĉiuj tiuj havas brilruĝajn subajn partojn kaj tute ne flavajn. El la bekobazo estas iom da flava superbrida strio simile al tiu ruĝa de la Longavosta sturnelo.
La Okcidenta sturnelo reproduktiĝas en habitatoj kiaj herbejoj, prerioj, paŝtejoj, kaj abandonitaj kampoj, kio troviĝas tra okcidenta kaj centra Nordameriko al norda Meksiko. Kie ties teritorio koincidas kun la orienta specio, tiu ĉi preferas pli fajnan kaj sekan vegetaĵaron; la du tipoj de birdoj ĝenerale ne interreproduktiĝas sed male defendas sian teritorion unu kontraŭ la alia. Ties nestoj situas surgrunde, kaj estas kovrataj de tegmento teksita el herboj. Povas esti pli da unu reproduktanta ino en la teritorio de unu masklo. Ties nestoj estas foje detruitaj pro herborikoltaj laboroj eĉ se tiuj enhavas ovojn kaj idojn.
Okcidentaj sturneloj povas interreproduktiĝi kun la Orientaj sturneloj kie ties teritorio koincidas; tamen, rezultaj idoj ŝajne havas malaltan fekundecon.[1]
Okcidentaj sturneloj estas loĝantaj birdoj tra multe de sia teritorio. Nordaj birdoj povas migri al sudaj partoj de ties teritorio; kelkaj birdoj povas ankaŭ moviĝi orienten en suda Usono.
Tiuj birdoj manĝas surgrunde aŭ en malalta aŭ duonmalalta vegetaĵaro. Ili foje serĉas manĝon per plukado perbeke. Ili manĝas ĉefe insektojn, sed ankaŭ semojn kaj berojn. Vintre tiuj birdoj ofte manĝas are.
Tiuj birdoj havas flutecan trilan kanton. Tiuj alvokoj kontrastas kun la simpla, fajfa alvoko de la Orienta sturnelo.
Tiu du specioj estis konsiderataj la sama specio iam; la okcidenta specio, kiu estis iom nekonsiderata, ricevis la nomon neglecta (forgesita, neatentita).
Tiu estas la ŝtata birdo de Kansaso, Montano, Nebrasko, Norda Dakoto, Oregono kaj Vajomingo. Nur la Norda kardinalo estas ŝtata birdo de pli multnombraj ŝtatoj.
Enhavo
1 Referencoj
2 Eksteraj ligiloj
3 Plia legado
3.1 Libroj
3.2 Tezoj
3.3 Artikoloj
Referencoj |
↑ JARAMILLO, Alvaro; Peter Burke. (1999) New World Blackbirds: The Icterids. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-4333-1.
- BirdLife International (2004). Sturnella neglecta. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 12a Majo 2006. Malplej Zorgiga.
Eksteraj ligiloj |
Speciinformaro pri Okcidenta sturnelo – Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio
Informaro kaj fotoj de Okcidenta sturnelo - Suddakotaj Birdoj kaj Birdumo
Okcidenta sturnelo - Sturnella neglecta - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Plia legado |
Libroj |
- Lanyon, W. E. 1994. Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). In The Birds of North America, No. 104 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
Tezoj |
- Davis SK. Ph.D. (2003). Habitat selection and demography of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in a fragmented landscape. The University of Regina (Canada), Canada.
- Horn AG. Ph.D. (1987). Repertoires and song switching in western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta). University of Toronto (Canada), Canada.
- Pierce AM. Ph.D. (1974). ENERGETICS AND WATER ECONOMY IN THE WESTERN MEADOWLARK, STURNELLA NEGLECTA. University of California, Irvine, United States, California.
Artikoloj |
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- Cosens SE & Falls JB. (1984). A Comparison of Sound Propagation and Song Frequency in Temperate Marsh and Grassland Habitats. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 15, no 3. p. 161-170.
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